Advanced prostate cancer is an umbrella clinical term for prostate cancer that has moved beyond a straightforward localized disease state. Depending on context, it may refer to cancer that has grown beyond the prostate into nearby tissues, reached regional pelvic lymph nodes, returned after earlier curative treatment, or spread to distant sites. Advanced does not automatically mean metastatic. A man with T3 disease confined to the pelvis, a man with a rising PSA after prostatectomy but no visible tumor on imaging, and a man with bone metastases all have very different disease states even though each may be discussed within an advanced-prostate-cancer pathway.
The most useful way to understand advanced prostate cancer is to identify the exact state: locally advanced T3–T4 disease, regional node-positive N1 M0 disease, biochemical or clinically visible recurrence after prior treatment, or metastatic M1 disease. Metastatic disease is then further described as hormone-sensitive or castration-resistant. These distinctions matter because local salvage treatment, combined radiation and hormone therapy, systemic treatment intensification and symptom-directed care apply to different patients.
01What Does “Advanced Prostate Cancer” Mean?
Advanced prostate cancer is not one formal TNM category
Unlike T, N and M staging, the word advanced is a broader clinical description.
It can include several distinct situations:
- cancer extending beyond the prostate;
- seminal-vesicle invasion;
- regional pelvic lymph-node involvement;
- recurrence after surgery or radiation;
- distant metastatic disease;
- and disease that progresses despite androgen deprivation.
Why does the exact state matter?
Because “advanced” alone does not tell a patient:
- whether distant metastases are present;
- whether cure remains possible;
- whether radiation can still be used as salvage treatment;
- whether systemic treatment is required;
- or whether the cancer is still sensitive to hormone suppression.
How does advanced disease differ from localized prostate cancer?
Localized prostate cancer is generally confined to the prostate with no identified regional lymph-node or distant metastasis.
Advanced disease extends beyond that simple organ-confined framework through:
- local anatomical extension;
- regional nodal involvement;
- post-treatment recurrence;
- or distant spread.
Is locally advanced prostate cancer metastatic?
Not necessarily.
For example:
T3b N0 M0
means cancer has invaded a seminal vesicle but no regional nodal or distant metastasis has been identified.
This is locally advanced prostate cancer but not metastatic prostate cancer.
Is recurrent prostate cancer automatically metastatic?
No.
After local treatment, recurrence may first appear only as an abnormal PSA pattern.
At that point:
- imaging may show no cancer;
- recurrence may remain confined to the prostate bed or prostate;
- or small metastatic deposits may later become detectable.
Does Grade Group determine whether cancer is advanced?
No.
Grade Group describes microscopic aggressiveness.
A Grade Group 5 cancer can still be anatomically localized.
Conversely, a lower-grade cancer can recur or eventually metastasize.
For the anatomical framework, see Prostate Cancer Stages.
Important clinical distinction: “advanced,” “locally advanced,” “recurrent,” “metastatic” and “castration-resistant” should not be used as interchangeable labels. A useful prostate-cancer summary states the exact T/N/M extent, Grade Group, PSA status, previous treatment and hormone-response state.
02What Is Locally Advanced or Regional Node-Positive Prostate Cancer?
Locally advanced disease extends beyond the prostate but can remain M0
Typical locally advanced categories include:
- T3a: extraprostatic extension;
- T3b: seminal-vesicle invasion;
- T4: direct invasion into adjacent structures or fixation.
A patient can have:
T3 or T4, N0, M0
and therefore have advanced local disease without distant metastasis.
What is regional node-positive prostate cancer?
Regional pelvic lymph-node metastasis is:
N1.
If there is no distant metastasis:
N1 M0
is still distinct from M1 metastatic disease.
Why is that distinction clinically important?
Because selected patients with locally advanced or regional node-positive disease may still be treated with a strategy that includes aggressive treatment of the prostate and pelvis.
In contrast, distant M1 disease requires a systemic metastatic-disease framework.
How is local extension identified?
Information can come from:
- clinical examination;
- prostate MRI;
- biopsy pathology;
- PSA and Grade Group;
- and surgical pathology when prostatectomy is performed.
What can MRI show?
MRI may identify imaging features concerning for:
- tumor extending through the prostate boundary;
- seminal-vesicle invasion;
- bladder-neck involvement;
- or other local anatomical extension.
However, microscopic extension can still be missed.
How is locally advanced disease generally treated?
Current EAU guidance emphasizes multimodal treatment because local and systemic control may both matter.
For suitable cN0 locally advanced disease, established approaches include:
- external-beam radiation therapy combined with long-term androgen-deprivation therapy;
- radiation with a brachytherapy boost in selected men with suitable urinary function;
- or radical prostatectomy in carefully selected patients as part of a multimodal strategy.
There is not one universally superior treatment for every T3–T4 patient.
Why might treatment include both local and systemic therapy?
The more locally advanced the tumor becomes, the greater the probability that microscopic cancer exists beyond the visible primary lesion.
Local treatment addresses:
- the prostate;
- and, depending on the strategy, regional pelvic tissue.
Systemic treatment addresses androgen-dependent cancer cells beyond the local treatment field.
What about pN1 disease found after prostatectomy?
If regional lymph nodes removed during surgery contain cancer, the final pathology may be classified as pN1.
Management depends on:
- number and extent of positive nodes;
- Grade Group;
- pathological T stage;
- surgical margins;
- postoperative PSA;
- and overall recurrence risk.
Depending on those features, management can involve:
- careful observation in selected situations;
- androgen-deprivation therapy;
- radiation to the prostate bed and/or pelvis;
- or combinations.
Advanced does not mean “too late for local treatment.” Selected men with locally advanced or regional node-positive disease may still receive treatment directed at the prostate and pelvis, usually as part of a broader multimodal plan.
03What Is Recurrent Prostate Cancer After Surgery or Radiation?
Recurrence means cancer activity appears again after earlier treatment
Recurrence can occur after treatment intended to control or cure localized disease.
It can be detected as:
- a rising PSA only;
- visible recurrence in the prostate bed or prostate;
- regional lymph-node recurrence;
- or distant metastatic recurrence.
What is biochemical recurrence?
Biochemical recurrence means PSA has risen in a pattern consistent with recurrent prostate cancer even though there may be no symptoms and no visible cancer on imaging.
This is a critical distinction:
biochemical recurrence is not automatically metastatic recurrence.
What happens to PSA after radical prostatectomy?
After the prostate is removed, PSA is expected to fall to a very low or undetectable level.
Current EAU follow-up guidance states that PSA is generally expected to become undetectable within approximately two months after radical prostatectomy.
A subsequent confirmed rising PSA pattern raises concern for recurrence.
Does a rising PSA after prostatectomy show where the cancer is?
No.
A PSA rise can reflect:
- microscopic disease in the prostate bed;
- regional lymph-node disease;
- distant microscopic disease;
- or visible metastatic recurrence.
The PSA does not identify the anatomical location by itself.
Why can early salvage radiation matter after prostatectomy?
When recurrence is still confined to microscopic disease in or near the prostate bed, salvage radiation may offer a chance for durable cancer control.
Current EAU guidance recommends early salvage radiation in appropriate men with consecutive PSA rises rather than waiting for PSA to become very high once the decision for salvage radiation has been made.
When is PSMA PET/CT used after prostatectomy?
Current EAU guidance recommends considering PSMA PET/CT when:
- PSA after prostatectomy is above approximately 0.2 ng/mL;
- and the imaging result would change subsequent treatment decisions.
A negative scan at a low PSA does not prove that no microscopic recurrence exists.
What happens to PSA after radiation therapy?
Radiation does not remove the prostate.
PSA therefore usually falls gradually rather than becoming immediately undetectable.
For biochemical failure after definitive radiation, the commonly used Phoenix definition is:
PSA rise of 2 ng/mL or more above the post-radiation nadir.
Does every PSA rise after radiation mean recurrence?
No.
A temporary PSA bounce can occur after radiation, particularly after some forms of brachytherapy.
Interpretation depends on:
- PSA nadir;
- time since treatment;
- size and persistence of the rise;
- PSA doubling time;
- and other clinical information.
What is local recurrence after radiation?
Local recurrence means viable prostate cancer is again identified within the previously treated prostate or nearby local tissue without proven distant metastasis.
In selected patients who remain fit for curative salvage treatment, evaluation can involve:
- PSMA PET/CT to exclude distant disease;
- prostate MRI;
- and biopsy confirmation of local recurrence.
What is salvage treatment?
Salvage treatment is treatment intended to control recurrent cancer after the original local therapy.
Examples include:
- salvage radiotherapy after prostatectomy;
- selected salvage surgery after prior radiation;
- selected salvage brachytherapy or ablation after radiation;
- and systemic treatment when recurrence is not suitable for local salvage alone.
Does biochemical recurrence always need immediate hormone therapy?
No.
Biochemical recurrence varies considerably in risk.
Important factors include:
- Grade Group;
- pathological stage;
- time from treatment to PSA recurrence;
- PSA doubling time;
- imaging findings;
- and whether local salvage is still possible.
Why does PSA doubling time matter?
A faster PSA doubling time generally indicates greater risk that recurrent disease will progress to detectable metastasis.
A slow PSA rise years after treatment can represent a different clinical problem from PSA that rises rapidly soon after treatment.
Recurrence is a spectrum. A man with a slowly rising PSA and negative imaging, a man with biopsy-confirmed recurrence only in the prostate after radiation, and a man with new bone metastases do not have the same clinical problem. Previous treatment, recurrence location and PSA kinetics determine whether salvage local treatment, monitoring or systemic therapy is appropriate.
04When Does Advanced Prostate Cancer Become Metastatic or Castration-Resistant?
Metastatic prostate cancer is anatomically M1 disease
Distant metastatic prostate cancer is classified as:
- M1a: non-regional lymph-node metastasis;
- M1b: bone metastasis;
- M1c: metastasis to another distant site.
The next dedicated guide covers metastatic prostate cancer in depth.
Is regional N1 disease the same as M1 metastatic disease?
No.
Regional pelvic nodes are classified under N.
Non-regional lymph nodes belong to M1a.
That anatomical distinction is described in Prostate Cancer Stages.
Where does prostate cancer commonly metastasize?
Bone is a common site.
Metastases may occur in:
- spine;
- pelvis;
- ribs;
- other bones;
- distant lymph nodes;
- and, in some patients, visceral organs.
Does metastatic prostate cancer always cause symptoms?
No.
Some patients have metastases detected on staging or recurrence imaging while feeling well.
When symptoms occur, they may include:
- persistent focal bone pain;
- fatigue;
- unintentional weight loss;
- anemia-related weakness or breathlessness;
- urinary obstruction;
- or symptoms from a specific involved organ.
What is metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer?
Hormone-sensitive—or castration-sensitive—metastatic cancer is M1 disease that still responds to suppression of androgen signaling.
This is often abbreviated:
- mHSPC;
- or mCSPC.
Anatomical stage and hormone sensitivity are separate concepts.
Is ADT alone still the usual modern approach for fit men with metastatic hormone-sensitive disease?
Usually not.
Androgen-deprivation therapy remains the foundation, but contemporary care commonly intensifies treatment when a patient is suitable.
Depending on disease characteristics and fitness, treatment can include:
- ADT plus an androgen-receptor pathway inhibitor;
- or selected multidrug strategies that incorporate docetaxel and an androgen-receptor pathway inhibitor.
Choice depends on:
- symptoms;
- metastatic volume and distribution;
- age and performance status;
- other medical conditions;
- prior therapy;
- and patient preferences.
Can radiation to the prostate still matter in metastatic disease?
In selected men with newly diagnosed metastatic hormone-sensitive disease and a lower metastatic burden, radiation to the primary prostate can be considered as part of a systemic-treatment strategy.
This does not mean local radiation alone treats systemic metastatic disease.
What is castration-resistant prostate cancer?
Castration-resistant prostate cancer means the cancer is progressing despite testosterone being suppressed to a castrate range.
Progression may be:
- biochemical;
- radiographic;
- or clinical.
The cancer can remain dependent on androgen-receptor signaling even after it becomes castration-resistant, which is why additional hormone-pathway drugs can still work.
Does castration-resistant mean hormone therapy stops?
No.
In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, ADT is generally continued to maintain low testosterone while additional treatment is selected.
What treatments can be used for metastatic castration-resistant disease?
The choice depends heavily on previous therapy, genomic findings, symptoms and sites of disease.
Options can include:
- androgen-receptor pathway inhibitors;
- taxane chemotherapy;
- PARP-inhibitor strategies for selected tumors with relevant DNA-repair alterations;
- PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy in appropriate PSMA-positive disease;
- radium-223 in selected patients with symptomatic bone-predominant disease and no visceral metastasis;
- immunotherapy in selected settings;
- and palliative radiation for painful or threatening metastases.
Why can genetic testing matter in advanced prostate cancer?
Inherited and tumor-acquired DNA-repair alterations can influence treatment options.
Important genes can include:
- BRCA2;
- BRCA1;
- ATM;
- and other homologous-recombination repair genes.
Some advanced tumors with relevant genomic alterations may qualify for targeted therapies.
A pathogenic inherited variant can also have implications for relatives.
For the inherited-risk context, see BRCA1, BRCA2 and Prostate Cancer.
What symptoms can be emergencies in advanced prostate cancer?
Advanced disease can occasionally cause:
- urinary obstruction;
- pathological fracture;
- ureteral obstruction;
- or spinal cord compression.
Seek urgent medical assessment for new or rapidly worsening back pain with leg weakness, numbness, difficulty walking, saddle-area sensory changes or new loss of bladder or bowel control. In someone with known or suspected advanced cancer, this can indicate spinal cord or cauda-equina compression. Back pain by itself is common and does not prove prostate-cancer metastasis.
Can advanced prostate cancer still be controlled for years?
Yes.
The term advanced does not provide an individual survival estimate.
Disease course varies according to:
- extent of cancer;
- Grade Group;
- PSA behavior;
- sites and volume of metastasis;
- hormone sensitivity;
- genomic characteristics;
- response to treatment;
- and overall health.
Modern systemic treatment has substantially expanded the number of therapies available across advanced disease states.
Advanced prostate cancer treatment is sequential. The relevant question is not simply “What drug treats advanced cancer?” but “What disease state is present now, what treatments have already been used, where is the cancer, what molecular features are present, and what clinical goal is being pursued?”
→Advanced Prostate Cancer States Compared
| Disease state | Typical classification | What it means | General treatment context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Locally advanced | Usually T3–T4, potentially N0 M0 | Cancer extends beyond the prostate into nearby tissues but has no identified distant metastasis. | Often multimodal local plus systemic therapy; cure may still be an objective in selected patients. |
| Regional node-positive | N1 M0 | Cancer has reached pelvic regional lymph nodes but not distant sites. | Local-regional radiation and systemic therapy commonly considered; selected postoperative strategies depend on pathology and PSA. |
| Biochemical recurrence | Rising PSA after prior local treatment | PSA indicates recurrent cancer activity before the anatomical site is necessarily known. | Risk assessment, imaging when useful, salvage local treatment in appropriate patients, or systemic treatment depending on recurrence risk. |
| Local recurrence | Recurrent disease confined to previously treated local area | Cancer is again demonstrated in the prostate or prostate bed without identified distant spread. | Selected patients may remain candidates for salvage treatment with curative intent. |
| Metastatic hormone-sensitive | M1 with response to androgen suppression | Distant disease still responds to androgen-pathway suppression. | ADT plus treatment intensification for most suitable patients. |
| Metastatic castration-resistant | M1 disease progressing despite castrate testosterone | Distant cancer progresses despite effective androgen suppression. | Continue androgen suppression and select additional systemic treatment according to prior therapy, biology, symptoms and genomic features. |
?Common Questions About Advanced Prostate Cancer
| Question | Practical answer |
|---|---|
| What is advanced prostate cancer? | An umbrella term covering prostate cancer beyond a straightforward localized state, including locally advanced, recurrent, regional node-positive or metastatic disease depending on context. |
| Is advanced prostate cancer always metastatic? | No. T3–T4 M0 disease can be locally advanced without distant metastasis. |
| What is locally advanced prostate cancer? | Cancer that extends beyond the prostate into surrounding tissues, commonly T3 or T4. |
| What does T3a mean? | Extraprostatic extension. |
| What does T3b mean? | Seminal-vesicle invasion. |
| What does T4 mean? | Direct invasion into adjacent structures beyond the seminal vesicles or a fixed tumor. |
| Is N1 prostate cancer metastatic? | N1 represents regional pelvic lymph-node metastasis. It is advanced regional disease but is distinct from distant M1 metastasis. |
| Can locally advanced prostate cancer still be treated with curative intent? | Yes, in selected patients. Treatment is often multimodal. |
| What is recurrent prostate cancer? | Cancer activity that returns after previous treatment such as prostatectomy or radiation. |
| What is biochemical recurrence? | A PSA pattern indicating recurrence even when cancer may not yet be visible on imaging. |
| Does biochemical recurrence mean metastatic cancer? | No. |
| What happens to PSA after prostatectomy? | It should become very low or undetectable because the prostate has been removed. |
| Does a PSA rise after prostatectomy show where recurrence is? | No. It signals recurrent activity but not its anatomical location. |
| What is salvage radiation? | Radiation delivered after prostatectomy when recurrent disease is suspected or identified and local salvage remains appropriate. |
| Why can early salvage radiation matter? | Microscopic recurrence may be easier to control before PSA rises substantially or distant disease becomes established. |
| What happens to PSA after radiation? | It generally falls gradually to a nadir because normal prostate tissue remains. |
| Can PSA bounce after radiation? | Yes. A temporary rise can occur and is not automatically recurrence. |
| What is the Phoenix definition? | Biochemical failure after definitive radiation is commonly defined as PSA rising at least 2 ng/mL above the post-treatment nadir. |
| What is metastatic prostate cancer? | M1 disease involving distant lymph nodes, bone or another distant site. |
| What does M1a mean? | Distant non-regional lymph-node metastasis. |
| What does M1b mean? | Bone metastasis. |
| What does M1c mean? | Metastasis to another distant organ or site. |
| What is hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer? | Metastatic cancer that still responds to androgen suppression. |
| Is ADT alone enough for metastatic hormone-sensitive disease? | Modern treatment generally uses ADT plus additional treatment for patients suitable for intensification rather than routine ADT alone. |
| What is castration-resistant prostate cancer? | Prostate cancer that progresses despite testosterone being adequately suppressed. |
| Does castration-resistant mean hormone therapy no longer matters? | No. ADT is generally continued, and additional androgen-pathway or other systemic treatments can still be effective. |
| Can castration-resistant prostate cancer be nonmetastatic? | Yes. Castration resistance describes biology; metastatic status describes anatomy. |
| Why is genetic testing relevant in advanced disease? | Selected inherited or tumor DNA-repair alterations can affect eligibility for targeted treatments and may have implications for relatives. |
| Can advanced prostate cancer cause bone pain? | Yes, particularly when bone metastases are present, although metastases can also be asymptomatic. |
| Does back pain mean prostate cancer has spread? | No. Back pain is common and nonspecific. |
| When is back pain an emergency? | Urgent assessment is needed when new or worsening back pain occurs with leg weakness, numbness, walking difficulty or new bladder/bowel dysfunction. |
| Can advanced prostate cancer be cured? | Some locally advanced or regionally confined cancers can still be treated with curative intent. Distant metastatic disease is generally managed as systemic disease, with the goal of prolonged control, symptom prevention and survival improvement. |
| Does “advanced” predict how long someone will live? | No. Prognosis depends on the exact disease state, burden, Grade Group, sites of disease, hormone sensitivity, genomic profile, treatment response and overall health. |
ΣKey Clinical Takeaways
- Advanced prostate cancer is an umbrella clinical term rather than one formal TNM category.
- Advanced does not automatically mean metastatic.
- Locally advanced disease generally includes T3–T4 cancer extending beyond the prostate.
- T3a means extraprostatic extension.
- T3b means seminal-vesicle invasion.
- T4 means extension into adjacent structures or fixation.
- A T3 or T4 cancer can still be M0.
- Regional pelvic lymph-node metastasis is N1.
- N1 M0 is not the same as M1 metastatic disease.
- Selected locally advanced and node-positive patients may still receive aggressive local-regional treatment.
- Locally advanced management is often multimodal.
- Radiation combined with long-term ADT is an established strategy for suitable locally advanced disease.
- Radical prostatectomy can be considered in selected cN0 patients as part of multimodal care.
- Recurrent prostate cancer can occur after surgery or radiation.
- Biochemical recurrence can be detected before a recurrent tumor is visible.
- Biochemical recurrence does not automatically mean distant metastasis.
- After prostatectomy, PSA should become very low or undetectable.
- A confirmed rising PSA after prostatectomy can indicate recurrence.
- PSA does not reveal whether recurrence is local or distant.
- Early salvage radiation can be important after prostatectomy when local salvage remains appropriate.
- PSMA PET/CT can help localize recurrent disease when results will change treatment.
- A negative low-PSA PSMA PET does not exclude microscopic recurrence.
- After radiation, PSA generally declines gradually rather than immediately becoming undetectable.
- The Phoenix biochemical-failure definition after definitive radiation uses nadir plus 2 ng/mL.
- PSA bounce after radiation should not be automatically called recurrence.
- Local recurrence after radiation can sometimes be treated with salvage therapy in carefully selected men.
- PSA doubling time helps distinguish lower- from higher-risk biochemical recurrence.
- Metastatic prostate cancer is M1 disease.
- M1a means non-regional lymph-node metastasis.
- M1b means bone metastasis.
- M1c means another distant metastatic site.
- Metastatic disease may be hormone-sensitive or castration-resistant.
- Hormone sensitivity is not another anatomical stage.
- ADT remains the treatment foundation for metastatic hormone-sensitive disease.
- Modern metastatic hormone-sensitive treatment usually adds another effective therapy when the patient is suitable for intensification.
- Castration-resistant disease progresses despite adequately suppressed testosterone.
- Castration-resistant prostate cancer can be metastatic or nonmetastatic.
- ADT generally continues when metastatic disease becomes castration-resistant.
- Additional therapy in castration-resistant disease depends on prior treatments, symptoms, disease distribution, genomic findings and PSMA expression.
- BRCA and other DNA-repair alterations can affect treatment choices in selected advanced cancers.
- Bone is a common metastatic site.
- Advanced disease can be asymptomatic.
- New back pain with neurological deficits can indicate spinal cord or cauda-equina compression and requires urgent assessment.
- Advanced disease does not provide a single survival estimate.
- Management should be based on the exact anatomical state, recurrence pattern, hormone-response state, health status and patient priorities.
Clinical bottom line: advanced prostate cancer is not one diagnosis and should not be treated as a synonym for metastatic cancer. A patient may have cancer that has grown beyond the prostate but remains M0, regional node-positive N1 disease, PSA-only recurrence after earlier treatment, local recurrence that is still salvageable, distant M1 disease that remains hormone-sensitive, or cancer that has become castration-resistant. Each state changes the treatment objective and the balance between local and systemic therapy. The most clinically useful description therefore states the actual T/N/M extent, Grade Group, PSA behavior, previous treatment, recurrence location and hormone-response status rather than simply labeling the cancer “advanced.”
Medical disclaimer: This article provides general medical education about advanced prostate cancer. Treatment depends on the exact stage, Grade Group, PSA kinetics, previous surgery or radiation, imaging findings, metastatic burden, symptoms, hormone sensitivity, genomic findings, overall health and personal treatment priorities. Advanced prostate cancer should be managed with specialist urology and oncology input, often through a multidisciplinary team.
To understand the boundary between organ-confined and advanced disease, see Localized Prostate Cancer and Prostate Cancer Stages. For the pathology biology that modifies risk at every stage, review What Is the Gleason Score? and Gleason Score vs Grade Group. For the diagnostic pathway that establishes the original cancer, see How Prostate Cancer Is Diagnosed, Prostate MRI and Prostate Biopsy. For PSA interpretation before and after treatment, review PSA Testing, PSA After Prostatectomy and PSA Doubling Time. For inherited DNA-repair risk relevant to some advanced cancers, see BRCA1, BRCA2 and Prostate Cancer. For the full disease framework, return to the Prostate Cancer hub. The next guide explains metastatic prostate cancer, including lymph-node, bone and visceral metastases, hormone-sensitive versus castration-resistant disease and the role of modern systemic treatment.
Evidence Sources
- European Association of Urology — Prostate Cancer Classification and Staging Systems: TNM definitions, localized versus locally advanced disease, regional nodes, distant metastasis and Grade Groups.
- European Association of Urology — Prostate Cancer Treatment: locally advanced treatment, biochemical recurrence, salvage therapy, hormone-sensitive metastatic disease and castration-resistant prostate cancer.
- European Association of Urology — Prostate Cancer Follow-up: PSA monitoring after radical prostatectomy and radiation, recurrence surveillance and treatment-related follow-up.
- National Cancer Institute — Prostate Cancer Treatment PDQ for Patients: locally advanced, recurrent and metastatic prostate-cancer treatment context.
- National Cancer Institute — Prostate Cancer Treatment, Health Professional Version: recurrent disease, salvage treatment, systemic therapy and advanced-stage management.
- National Cancer Institute — Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer: hormone-sensitive disease, metastatic treatment intensification and castration-resistant prostate cancer.
- National Cancer Institute — Advances in Prostate Cancer Research: systemic therapies, hormone-resistant disease and ongoing advanced-prostate-cancer research.
